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The Theory of Evolution The theory of evolution is based on the fact certain traits are passed on more often than others. These traits make it easier for individuals to live and reproduce and thus increase in number over time. Scientists are now able to understand how this process operates. For instance, a study of the clawed frog has revealed that duplicate genes can end up serving different functions. The process of evolution occurs naturally Natural selection is the process that results in organisms evolving to be the best adapted to the environment they live in. It is one of the major mechanisms of evolution, along with mutations, migrations, and genetic drift. People with traits that aid in survival and reproduction are more likely to pass these traits onto their children, resulting in gradual changes in gene frequencies over time. This leads to new species being formed and existing species being altered. Charles Darwin developed a scientific theory in the early 19th century that explains how the evolution of organisms has occurred over time. The theory is based on the idea that more offspring are born than can be sustained, and that these offspring compete for resources in their physical environments. This results in an “struggle for survival” where those who have the most advantageous traits prevail, and others are eliminated. The offspring that survives transmit these genes to their offspring. This gives them an advantage over the other members of the species. Over time, organisms with these advantageous traits increase in size. However, it is difficult to comprehend how natural selection can generate new traits if its primary purpose is to eliminate inequities individuals. Additionally, the majority of types of natural selection reduce genetic variation within populations. Natural selection is not likely to create new traits without the involvement of other forces. Mutation, drift genetics and migration are three primary evolutionary forces that alter the frequency of gene expression. Sexual reproduction and the fact each parent transmits half of their genes to each child accelerates these processes. These genes are called alleles and can have different frequencies in different individuals of the same species. The frequencies of alleles will determine whether a trait will be dominant or recessive. In simplest terms, a mutation is an alteration in the structure of an organism's DNA code. The change causes certain cells to develop and grow into an entirely different organism, while others do not. Mutations can also increase the frequency of the existing alleles or create new alleles. The new alleles then get passed on to the next generation, and then become dominant phenotypes. Evolution is built on natural selection Natural selection is a simple mechanism that causes the populations of living things to change over time. It involves the interaction of heritable phenotypic variation as well as differential reproduction. These factors lead to the situation that people with positive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with no beneficial traits. This process, over time, leads to a reshaping the gene pool to ensure that it is more closely matched to the environment where individuals live. This is the basic concept that Darwin derived from his “survival of the fittest.” This process is based on the assumption that different traits enable individuals to adapt to their environments. These traits increase the chance of individuals to live and reproduce, and also produce a large number of offspring. In the long term, this will cause the trait to spread across a population according to BioMed Central. In the end all of the people will be affected and the population will change. This is called evolution. Those with less-adaptive traits will die or fail to produce offspring and their genes won't survive into the next generation. In time genetically altered organisms are likely to dominate the population. They will also develop into new species. However, this isn't a guarantee. The environment can alter abruptly making the changes in place. Sexual selection is another aspect that influences the evolution. Some traits are favored if they increase the chances of a person mating an individual. This can lead to some bizarre phenotypes, like brightly colored plumage in birds, or the massive antlers of deer. These phenotypes aren't necessarily useful to the organism, but they can increase the chances of survival and reproduction. Some students also misunderstand natural evolution, as they confuse it with “soft inheritance”. Although soft inheritance isn't an essential condition for evolution, it is often an essential component of it. This is because soft inheritance allows for random modifications of DNA, as well as the creation of new genetic variants that aren't immediately useful to an organism. These mutations are then used as raw material by natural selection. Evolution is based on genetics Evolution is a natural process of change in the inherited characteristics of species over time. It is influenced by various factors, such as mutation or gene flow, as well as horizontal gene transfer. 에볼루션코리아 of evolution is also influenced by the relative frequencies of alleles within a particular population's gene pool. This allows the selection of traits that are advantageous in new environments. The theory of evolution is a fundamental idea in biology, and it has profound implications for understanding of life on Earth. Darwin's ideas, combined with Linnaeus concepts of relational ties and Lamarck's theories on inheritance, revolutionized the view of how traits are passed down from parent to offspring. Instead of parents passing on their inherited traits through use or misuse, Darwin argued that they were favored or disfavored by the conditions in which they lived and passed that knowledge on to their offspring. Darwin referred to this as natural selection and his book, The Origin of Species, outlined how this could result in the creation of new species. Random genetic changes, or mutations occur in the DNA of cells. These mutations can result in a variety of phenotypic traits such as hair color to eye color, and are affected by many environmental variables. Certain phenotypic traits can be controlled by multiple genes and some have more than two alleles, such as blood type (A B, A, or O). Modern Synthesis is a framework that combines Darwinian theories of evolution with Mendel's genetics. It blends macroevolutionary shifts discovered in fossil records with microevolutionary processes like genetic mutation and trait-selection. Macroevolution is a process which takes a long time and is only visible in fossil records. Microevolution, on the other hand is a process that occurs much faster and can be observed in living organisms. Microevolution is driven by genetic mutation and selection, which act on a smaller scale than macroevolution. It can be accelerated by other mechanisms, such as gene flow and horizontal gene transfer. Evolution is based upon chance The idea that evolution happens by chance is an argument that has long been used by those who oppose evolution. This argument is not true and it's important to understand why. The argument is based on a misinterpretation of randomness and contingency. This is an error that originates from a misreading the nature of biological contingency as explained by Stephen Jay Gould. He argued that the development of genetic information isn't just random, but is also dependent on previous events. He relied on the fact that DNA is an incarnation of genes which are themselves dependent on other molecules. In other terms there is a causal order that is the basis of all biological processes. The argument is also flawed due to its reliance on the laws of physics and practice of science. These assertions are not only logically untenable, but they are also erroneous. In addition the science of practice relies on a causal determinism that isn't enough to account for all natural events. Brendan Sweetman's book is an attempt to provide a logical and accessible introduction to the relationship of evolutionary theory and Christian theology. He is not a flashy author, but rather a patient one, which fits his objectives, which include detaching the scientific status and implications for the faith of evolutionary theory. The book might not be as comprehensive as it should be however, it provides a good overview of the debate. It also clarifies that evolutionary theory is a well-established scientific theory, widely accepted by experts in the field, and worthy of a rational approval. However the book is less than convincing on the question of whether God plays any part in evolution. While Pokemon that are traded with other trainers are not able to be evolved at no cost, trading is an effective method to save Candy and time. Trading Pokemon with other players lowers the cost of evolving certain Pokemon using the traditional method. This is particularly helpful for high-level Pokemon, which require lots of Candy to evolve.